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AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) is an open, royalty-free video coding format initially designed for video transmissions over the Internet. It was developed as a successor to VP9 by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia),[2] a consortium founded in 2015 that includes semiconductor firms, video on demand providers, video content producers, software development companies and web browser vendors. The AV1 bitstream specification includes a reference video codec.[1] In 2018, Facebook conducted testing that approximated real-world conditions, and the AV1 reference encoder achieved 34%, 46.2% and 50.3% higher data compression than libvpx-vp9, x264 High profile, and x264 Main profile respectively.[3]
The negative effect of patent licensing on free and open-source software has also been cited as a reason for the creation of AV1.[7] For example, building an H.264 implementation into Firefox would prevent it from being distributed free of charge since licensing fees would have to be paid to MPEG-LA.[12] Free Software Foundation Europe has argued that FRAND patent licensing practices make the free software implementation of standards impossible due to various incompatibilities with free software licenses.[8]
The first version 0.1.0 of the AV1 reference codec was published on 7 April 2016. Although a soft feature freeze came into effect at the end of October 2017, development continued on several significant features. One of these, the bitstream format, was projected to be frozen in January 2018 but was delayed due to unresolved critical bugs as well as further changes to transformations, syntax, the prediction of motion vectors, and the completion of legal analysis.[citation needed] The Alliance announced the release of the AV1 bitstream specification on 28 March 2018, along with a reference, software-based encoder and decoder.[16] On 25 June 2018, a validated version 1.0.0 of the specification was released.[17] On 8 January 2019 a validated version 1.0.0 with Errata 1 of the specification was released.
Martin Smole from AOM member Bitmovin said that the computational efficiency of the reference encoder was the greatest remaining challenge after the bitstream format freeze had been completed.[18] While working on the format, the encoder was not targeted for production use and speed optimizations were not prioritized. Consequently, the early version of AV1 was orders of magnitude slower than existing HEVC encoders. Much of the development effort was consequently shifted towards maturing the reference encoder. In March 2019, it was reported that the speed of the reference encoder had improved greatly and within the same order of magnitude as encoders for other common formats.[19]
AV1 aims to be a video format for the web that is both state of the art and royalty free.[2] According to Matt Frost, head of strategy and partnerships in Google's Chrome Media team, "The mission of the Alliance for Open Media remains the same as the WebM project."[21]
A recurring concern in standards development, not least of royalty-free multimedia formats, is the danger of accidentally infringing on patents that their creators and users did not know about. This concern has been raised regarding AV1,[22] and previously VP8,[23] VP9,[24] Theora[25] and IVC.[26] The problem is not unique to royalty-free formats, but it uniquely threatens their status as royalty-free.
To fulfill the goal of being royalty free, the development process requires that no feature can be adopted before it has been confirmed independently by two separate parties to not infringe on patents of competing companies. In cases where an alternative to a patent-protected technique is not available, owners of relevant patents have been invited to join the Alliance (even if they were already members of another patent pool). For example, Alliance members Apple, Cisco, Google, and Microsoft are also licensors in MPEG-LA's patent pool for H.264.[22] As an additional protection for the royalty-free status of AV1, the Alliance has a legal defense fund to aid smaller Alliance members or AV1 licensees in the event they are sued for alleged patent infringement.[22][6][27]
This treatment of intellectual property rights (IPR), and its absolute priority during development, is contrary to extant MPEG formats like AVC and HEVC. These were developed under an IPR uninvolvement policy by their standardization organisations, as stipulated in the ITU-T's definition of an open standard. However, MPEG's chairman has argued this practice has to change,[30] which it is:[citation needed] EVC is also set to have a royalty-free subset,[31][32] and will have switchable features in its bitstream to defend against future IPR threats.[citation needed]
The creation of royalty-free web standards has been a long-stated pursuit for the industry. In 2007, the proposal for HTML5 video specified Theora as mandatory to implement. The reason was that public content should be encoded in freely implementable formats, if only as a "baseline format", and that changing such a baseline format later would be hard because of network effects.[33]
The Alliance for Open Media is a continuation of Google's efforts with the WebM project, which renewed the royalty-free competition after Theora had been surpassed by AVC. For companies such as Mozilla that distribute free software, AVC can be difficult to support as a per-copy royalty is unsustainable given the lack of revenue stream to support these payments in free software (see FRAND Excluding costless distribution).[4] Similarly, HEVC has not successfully convinced all licensors to allow an exception for freely distributed software (see HEVC Provision for costless software).
The Alliance published a reference implementation written in C and assembly language (aomenc, aomdec) as free software under the terms of the BSD 2-Clause License.[40] Development happens in public and is open for contributions, regardless of AOM membership.
In April 2021, Roku removed the YouTube TV app from the Roku streaming platform after a contract expired. It was later reported that Roku streaming devices do not use processors that support the AV1 codec. In December 2021, YouTube and Roku agreed to a multiyear deal to keep both the YouTube TV app and the YouTube app on the Roku streaming platform. Roku had argued that using processors in their streaming devices that support the royalty-free AV1 codec would increase costs to consumers.[91][92]
As of March 2020[update], the Alliance for Open Media has not responded to the list of patent claims. Their statement after Sisvel's initial announcement reiterated the commitment to their royalty-free patent license and made mention of the "AOMedia patent defense program to help protect AV1 ecosystem participants in the event of patent claims", but did not mention the Sisvel claim by name.[217]
According to The WebM Project, Google does not plan to alter their current or upcoming usage plans of AV1 even though they are aware of the patent pool, and third parties cannot be stopped from demanding licensing fees from any technology that is open-source, royalty-free, and/or free-of-charge.[218]
The Commission has information that AOM and its members may be imposing licensing terms (mandatory royalty-free cross licensing) on innovators that were not a part of AOM at the time of the creation of the AV1 technical, but whose patents are deemed essential to (its) technical specifications
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The purposes of the labor law shall be setting official state guarantees of the labor rights and freedoms of the nationals, creating favorable conditions for work, protecting rights and interests of employees and employers.
No one can be constrained in his/her labor rights and freedoms or get any advantages irrespective of sex, race, color of skin, nationality, language, origins, property, social or position status, age, domicile, religious beliefs, political convictions, affiliation or non-affiliation with public associations as well as other factors not relevant to professional qualities of the employee. 2ff7e9595c
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